45 year old male with abdominal distension

bimonthly examination - marchMarch 21, 20211) Please go through the patient data in the links below and answer the following questions:
https://ashakiran923.blogspot.com/2021/03/60-years-old-male-fever-under-evaluation.html?m=1
a). What is the problem representation of this patient and what is the anatomical localization for his current problem based on the clinical findings?How specific is his dilated superficial Abdominal vein in making diagnosis?
Based on the clinical symptoms and signs, the clinical diagnosis of the patient can be- UTI with cirrhosis of liver with portal hypertension. 
b) What is the etiology of the current problem and how would you as a member of the treating team arrive at a diagnosis? What is the cause of his hypoalbuminemia?Why is the SAAG low?                The etiology of the disease in this patient could be a chronic history of alcoholism. Chronic smoking leading to his apthous ulcers. Based on his clinical finding there could be portal hypertension which could have been preceeded by cirrhosis of liver which might have been caused due to chronic alcoholism. Cirrhosis of liver leads to reduced protein synthesis thereby leading to decreased serum albumin levels causing hypoalbuminemia. 

c)Will PT,INR derangement preceed hypoalbuminemia in liver dysfunction??Share reference articles if any!

                           patients with cirrhosis, synthesis is decreased because of the loss of hepatic cell mass. Also, portal blood flow is often decreased and poorly distributed, leading to maldistribution of nutrients and oxygen. The flow of substrate may affect certain functions of the liver, including protein synthesis, which is decreased in patients with cirrhosis who lack ascites. Albumin synthesis may actually increase in patients with cirrhosis who have ascites, possibly because of a change in hepatic interstitial colloid levels, which may act as an overriding stimulus for albumin production.


https://www.medscape.com/answers/166724-41451/how-does-cirrhosis-cause-hypoalbuminemia#qna
d)What is the etiology of his fever and pancytopenia?
e)Can there be conditions with severe hypoalbuminemia but no pedal edema? Can one have hereditary analbuminemia and yet have minimal edema? Please go this article https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2019.00336/full and answer the question. YesInflammation and infection Albumin is considered a negative acute phase reactant, which means that as inflammation and other acute physiologic processes occur, its levels decreaseIn liver disease:Albumin is synthesized in the liver, and low serum albumin can be indicative of liver failure or diseases such as cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis. If present, hypoalbuminemia is generally considered to be a sign of advanced hepatic cirrhosis, or irreversible damage to the liverMalnutrition or malabsorptionLow albumin levels can also indicate chronic malnutrition from protein losing enteropathy.[3] This is often caused or exacerbated by ulcerative colitis,[10] but can also be seen in cardiac disease and systemic lupus erythematosus. Conditions with severe hypoalbuminemia and no pedal edema- There can be a compensatory synthesis of protiens (globulins) other than albumin and thereby maintain the oncotic pressure in the intravascular compartment and preventing the extravasation of fluid. This could also be possible if there is a hypovolemic state in the same patient with hypoalbuminemia so that the pressures are again maintained and there is no fluid accumulation. It is possible for one with hereditary analbuminemia to not have pedal edema. Since it is a chronic and hereditary disease there can be compensatory synthesis of other plasma proteins. 

f) What is the efficacy of each of the drugs listed in his current treatment plan
Ans: tamsulosin efficacy in UTI patients
1.α1-Adrenergic receptor antagonists are used by 80% of physicians as the first agent to treat patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) presenting with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS); 27 of 30 clinical trials have confirmed that α-blockers are effective for BPH treatment.
2.Tamsulosin's α1A subtype adrenergic receptor selectivity is considered to be responsible for its low cardiovascular side effects and lack of interaction with antihypertensives.
3.A 4-year extension, multicenter, open-label, phase IIIB clinical study evaluated long-term efficacy, safety, and tolerability of tamsulosin for up to 6 years; the study found a consistent statistically significant improvement in AUA symptom scores over 6 years, and most patients showed improvement during the first year that was sustained over 6 years.
4.The low incidence of acute urinary retention in patients treated with tamsulosin for up to 6 years suggests that tamsulosin may reduce the risk of AUR in patients with BPH.
5.Response to treatment and incidence of adverse events (eg, rhinitis and abnormal ejaculation) in patients with hypertension, diabetes, or nonhypertensive cardiovascular disease did not differ significantly from that in those without.
6.Abnormal ejaculation is an important side effect of tamsulosin, but it resulted in few discontinuations during treatment. It may not always be deemed important by patients, and was not linked to complaints of decreased libido, impotence, or other changes in sexual function.
 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1477608/Nitrofurantoin efficacy:
comparing 3 days of nitrofurantoin with placebo in young women with symptoms of UTI and pyuria found clinical cure rates of 70% versus 42%, respectively, 7 days after the start of therapy.
The prevalence of participants with side effects attributed to nitrofurantoin in the 17 studies generally ranged from 5% to 16%; nausea, abdominal discomfort and headaches were described. An exception was an open-label randomized controlled trial whose primary outcome was quality of life.
https://academic.oup.com/jac/article/70/9/2456/721364
QUESTION 2
45year old female with abdominal distension
https://navyamallempalli.blogspot.com/2021/02/dr_6.html
a). What is the problem representation of this patient and what is the anatomical localization for her current problem based on the clinical findings?
PROBLEM REPRESENTATION:1.Abdominal distension since 2years2.shortness of breath 3.pedal edema since 2 months4.cachexia_malnourishmentAnatomical localisation:1.abdominal distension : causes: fluid,fetus,flatus,fat,feacesHere in this case:O/E: flankfullness and fluid thrill is present __indicates distension is because of fluid_ASCITISIn this case the pattern is ascitis followed by pedal edema _clinically it indicates problem is in liver.2.shortness of breath and dull note in right side _IAA,ISA,IMA and decreased breath sounds on right side indicates pleural effusion .most likely in this case pleural effusion is due to her refractory ascitis _HEPATIC HYDROTHORAX.3.Cachexia _ is due to her loss of appetite which in turn because of massive ascitis .
Overall the major problem in this case_refractory ascitis since 2 years. 

b) What is the etiology of her refractory ascites and pleural effusion? and how would you as a member of the treating team arrive at a diagnosis?Ans:In this case ,ascitis recurs shortly after therapuetic paracentesis despite sodium restriction and diuretic treatment._refractory ascitis.
CAUSES OF REFRACTORY ASCITIS:1.Non compliance to treatment2.Tumor_hepatoma3.Renal failure4.spotaneous bacterial peritonitis5.Portal vein thrombosis6.NSAIDS7.Infection8.GI Bledding On ascitic fluid analysis: It is high SAAG and low protein ,it probably due to portal hypertension. she is on diuretics,frequent therapeutic paracentesis Her RFT was normal _no renal failure,Noincreased cell counts in ascitic fluid, no features of infection _rule out SBPNo H/O 7se of NSAIDS On CECT abdomen_ no tumors identified in liverNo symptoms of GI bleeding:melena,hemetemesis.
So in this case most probably ascitis due to portal hypertension :DD: cirrhosis of liverSchistosomiasisPortal vein outflow obstruction.
Cirrhosis is ruled out clinically no symptoms like jaundice,no coagulation disorders,no other signs of liver cell failure radiologically no altered echotexture,no shrunken liver,no nodules .
Stool microscopy was done to rule out schistosomiasis.
Portal vein thrombosis evaluation done by triple phase cect followed byMR Venogram.On triple phase CECT :Focal short segment of intrahepatic segment of IVC just below the diaphragm with normal hepaticveins And multiple osteosclerotic lesions in pelvis,ribs,vertebral bodies __sarcoidosis /metastasis.
MR Vengram_ suggested severe narrowing of intrahepatic portion of IVC___Chronic buud chiari syndrome.
PLEURAL EFFUSION:When pleural and Ascitic tap done on same time sent for analysis _both looks like almost same _both are transudates:so, pleural effusion is most likely due to Hepatic hydrothorax.DD: 1.sarcoidosis:2.tuberculosis: pleural fluid and sputum for AFB and CBNAAT was negative.clinically no h/o TB.3.Malignancy: pleural fliuid cytology was normal ,no dysplastic cells



c) Approach to a patient with ascites?Clinically is there any way to differentiate pre hepatic, post hepatic and hepatic causes?Ans:












d)Causes of budd chiari syndrome?Why did the patient undergo bone biopsy?Ans:
Hypercoagulable states:
Inherited : Anti thrombin deficiency, Protein c deficiency,protein S deficiency,Factor v leiden mutation, prothrombin mutationAcquired :Myeloproliferative disorders,PNH,Anti phospholipid syndrome,cancer,pregnancy,ocp use
Uncommon causes: HCC,RCC,Adrenl carcinoma Misc: Aspergillosis,behcet syndrome,IVC webs,trauma,IBD,systemic sarcoidosis.

IN THIS CASE BONE BIOPSY DONE FROM POSTERIOR ILIAC CREST ON LEFT SIDE TO EVALUATE THE OSTEOSCLEROTIC LESIONS IN PELVIS , RIBS, VERTEBRAE .

d) Management strategies for refractory ascites and Budd chiari syndrome? Share the potential advantages and disadvantages of Peritoneal dialysis catheter placement in refractory ascites?Ans:Management of BCS:
1.Diagnosis of BCS made by clinical features, laboratory and radiological investigations , management of underlying cause2.Anti coagulant therapy with LMWH and then warfarin aim for INR 2_33.Treat the complications of portal hypertension with spirinolactone ,furosemide,and gastroscopy for variceal screening and band ligation4.consider angioplasty /stenting for venous obstruction5.consider TIPS if no improvement with anticoagulation , angioplasty, stenting.6.TIPS fails /no improvement and acute liver failure consider liver transplantation.7.Monitor chronic BCS for HCC by 6 monthly USG and alpha fetoprotein.
Management of refractory ascitis :

Peritoneal dialysis catheter in refractory ascitis:Advantages:Heamodynamic stabilityAscitis control directly and in continuing fashionEasy catheter placementDisadvantages:Protein loss Over drainage of ascitis lead to hypotensionDialysate leak or hydrothoraxPoor clearance owing to volume of ascitisHigher infection risk .

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02975726                                           
e) What is the efficacy of each of the drugs listed in his current treatment plan 
Lasilactone 
https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/907/smpc
Warfarin and LMWH:
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/184430-medication
f)What is the current outcome?and what could be the etiology of her current outcome?Ans:Patient got expired on14th of march preceded h/o vomiting and nausea Cause of death was not confirmed, may be because of dislodgement of thrombus leading to pulmonary embolism.

QUESTION 3
55year old male with SOB and abdominal distension,orthopnea
https://jayanth1802.blogspot.com/2021/02/55-year-old-farmer-with-sob-abdominal.html?m=1
a). What is the problem representation of this patient and what is the anatomical localization for his current problem based on the clinical findings?                Based on the clinical findings the problem in this patient is with his heart. Based on the detailed history and clinical findings the provisional diagnosis would be- k/c/o cor pulmonale with severe pulmonary arterial hypertension grade III with gross ascitis with acute kidney injury. 

b) What is the etiology of his ascites? and how would you as a member of the treating team arrive at a diagnosis?Chart out the sequence of events!
              The reason for ascitis in this patient could be RHF. RHF leads to congestive hepatomegaly and thereby derranging the synthetic funtion of the liver to produce albumin. And hypoalbuminemia leads to fluid accumulation. AKI can also lead to ascitis due to increased salt and water retention.COPD---->RHF----> congestive hepatomegaly----> reduced protein synthesis----> ascitis due to fluid accumulation. Decreased urine output--->AKI---> Salt and water retention ----> ascitis. 

c)What is the efficacy of each of the drugs listed in his treatment plan?
d)What are his current outcomes ?


QUESTION 4
4)Please go through the thesis presentation below and answer the questions below by also discussing them with the presenter
https://youtu.be/QlPrb1BSHGE
a)What was the research question in the above thesis presentation? -Role of SAAG in diagnosing the etiology of ascitis. 
b) What was the researcher's hypothesis? 

c)What is the current available sensitivity and specificity of SAAG in diagnosis of etiology of ascitesWhen using the SAAG cut-off value 11 g/L, its sensitivity and specificity were 100.00% and 85.19% with an accuracy of 94.37%.https://diagnosticpathology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-1596-8-143#: